Tuesday, October 21, 2008

The Politics of Racism and Hatred

Before I begin I have something that you need to watch, it is from a long time ago by a man that transcended race and bigotry. His name was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and this is his "I have a Dream Speech" delivered in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, DC.

http://www.writespirit.net/inspirational_talks/political/martin_luther_king_talks/i_have_a_dream/

In today's political world race is used as a weapon to batter people and opponents into submission by accusing them of racism or being a racist if they don't vote a certain way. This is not what Dr. King was about. There are no African-Americans, Mexican-Americans or any other hyphenated Americans in this country nor are there any "people of color" because those terms by themselves are tools used to create racial barriors between people. You are either an American or you are not.

In 1968 when I joined the military I swore an oath to protect the Constitution against all enemies both foreign and domestic. All of you military and ex-military folks out there swore the same oath. That oath did not end because you got your discharge, it is time that all of you honor that oath and come to the defense of that document for it is under the most horrendous attacks imaginable during this election.

To this date I ask the black community to look at history and be honest with yourself when you do. Abraham Lincoln, a Republican President granted you freedom from slavery, A Conservative Democrat John F. Kennedy in cooperation with Congress and under pressure from the growing Civil Rights movement in this country signed the Civil Rights Bill into law. However many democrat Congressmen and Senators as well as Governors actively faught against it's implementstion. Yet the black community continues to support the party that has for years worked to keep them poor and dependent on the federal government for survival. Every 4 years these Democrats promise you the world and deliver you nothing. Why do you think that welfare in many cities and towns is generational? I know, you have been told by these same politicians and your black leaders that your plight is due to the Republicans and you actually believe them simply because they are black. Some of the worst leaders in the world were blacks like Edie Amein in Africa. Just because someone is black does not automatically make them a good guy or even a great leader. Like Dr. King said it is about the content of your character and not the color of your skin that makes you good or bad, great or impotent.

During the primaries and now during the general election Barack Obama and his surrogates have continually played the race card and accused their opponents of racism when none of them had ever said anything about his race. Therefore, the black community fell into lock step with Obama for no other reason than he was black and they want to be part of history. Problem is that Obama does not have the interests of the United States at heart, instead he is more about continuing the policies of keeping not only the black community but also poor whites under the thumb of the government welfare system instead of providing them with the tools to become better than they are.

For those of you that are voting for Barack Obama I ask you to look into your heart and truly see if you are voting for him because you don't want to be called a racist or Uncle Tom or if you actually believe that he will be able to deliver the stuff he has promised you in the face of the economic disaster we as a country and society are facing. To this date Barack Obama has forbidden anyone to look at his school or medical records or to criticize him in any way. He has continually played the race card at every opportunity and has never shown at any time in his political career to be one that actually delivers on any campaign promise. It is my belief that he is just using the 95% tax refund idea as a tool to get people to vote for him because they need or want a check from the government even though they don't work or pay taxes and many of them never have. Nobody questions him because they are afraid of being labeled a racist. It is my observation that literally every person that has claimed racism since around 1990 have been the ones actually guilty of it. Is this what Dr. King has preached or are you people and Barack Obama destroying the very dream that he had. This type of rhetoric can only further divide this nation along both racial and ideologocal lines. There is not now nor has there ever been any evidence or history in Barack Obana's past political or other life that he has ever united anyone nor has he ever demonstrated the ability to lead anyone under any circumstances.

It is therefore my humble opinion that the black community and the Democrat party have decided to fully embrace a policy of racial and ideological hatred based on a desired political outcome (the end justifies the means regardless of how destructive it is). That means that they have seen the enemy and found that it was them (they have become what they have hated for years but instead of recognizing it and working to reverse it have decided to reap the benefits from it). A rose by any other name is still a rose. This means that you can call racism and bigotry anything you want that sounds pretty like fairness or equal rights but the fact remains that it is still racism. Dr. King would be horrified at what his people are perpetrating and becoming a part of today.

Wednesday, October 8, 2008

ACORN & America's Economic Meltdown

Planting Seeds of Disaster
ACORN, Barack Obama, and the Democratic party.

‘You’ve got only a couple thousand bucks in the bank. Your job pays you dog-food wages. Your credit history has been bent, stapled, and mutilated. You declared bankruptcy in 1989. Don’t despair: You can still buy a house.” So began an April 1995 article in the Chicago Sun-Times that went on to direct prospective home-buyers fitting this profile to a group of far-left “community organizers” called ACORN, for assistance. In retrospect, of course, encouraging customers like this to buy homes seems little short of madness.

Militant ACORN
At the time, however, that 1995 Chicago newspaper article represented something of a triumph for Barack Obama. That same year, as a director at Chicago’s Woods Fund, Obama was successfully pushing for a major expansion of assistance to ACORN, and sending still more money ACORN’s way from his post as board chair of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge. Through both funding and personal-leadership training, Obama supported ACORN. And ACORN, far more than we’ve recognized up to now, had a major role in precipitating the subprime crisis.


I’ve already told the story of Obama’s close ties to ACORN leader Madeline Talbott, who personally led Chicago ACORN’s campaign to intimidate banks into making high-risk loans to low-credit customers. Using provisions of a 1977 law called the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA), Chicago ACORN was able to delay and halt the efforts of banks to merge or expand until they had agreed to lower their credit standards — and to fill ACORN’s coffers to finance “counseling” operations like the one touted in that Sun-Times article. This much we’ve known. Yet these local, CRA-based pressure-campaigns fit into a broader, more disturbing, and still under-appreciated national picture. Far more than we’ve recognized, ACORN’s local, CRA-enabled pressure tactics served to entangle the financial system as a whole in the subprime mess. ACORN was no side-show. On the contrary, using CRA and ties to sympathetic congressional Democrats, ACORN succeeded in drawing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into the very policies that led to the current disaster.

In one of the first book-length scholarly studies of ACORN, Organizing Urban America, Rutgers University political scientist Heidi Swarts describes this group, so dear to Barack Obama, as “oppositional outlaws.” Swarts, a strong supporter of ACORN, has no qualms about stating that its members think of themselves as “militants unafraid to confront the powers that be.” “This identity as a uniquely militant organization,” says Swarts, “is reinforced by contentious action.” ACORN protesters will break into private offices, show up at a banker’s home to intimidate his family, or pour protesters into bank lobbies to scare away customers, all in an effort to force a lowering of credit standards for poor and minority customers. According to Swarts, long-term ACORN organizers “tend to see the organization as a solitary vanguard of principled leftists...the only truly radical community organization.”

ACORN’s Inside Strategy
Yet ACORN’s entirely deserved reputation for militance is balanced by its less-well-known “inside strategy.” ACORN has long employed Washington-based lobbyists who understand very well how the legislative game is played. ACORN’s national lobbyists may encourage and benefit from the militant tactics of their base, but in the halls of congress they play the game with smooth sophistication. The untold story of ACORN’s central role in the financial meltdown is about the one-two punch to the banking system administered by this outside/inside strategy.

Critics of the notion that CRA had a major impact on the subprime crisis ask how a law passed in 1977 could have caused a crisis in 2008? The answer has a lot to do with ACORN — and the critical years of 1990-1995. While the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act did call on banks to increase lending in poor and minority neighborhoods, its exact requirements were vague, and therefore open to a good deal of regulatory interpretation. Banks merger or expansion plans were rarely held up under CRA until the late 1980s, when ACORN perfected its technique of filing CRA complaints in tandem with the sort of intimidation tactics perfected by that original “community organizer” (and Obama idol), Saul Alinsky.

At first, ACORN’s anti-bank actions were relatively few in number. However, under a provision of the 1989 savings and loan bailout pushed by liberal Democratic legislators, like Massachusetts Congressman Joseph P. Kennedy, lenders were required to compile public records of mortgage applicants by race, gender, and income. Although the statistics produced by these studies were presented in highly misleading ways, groups like ACORN were able to use them to embarrass banks into lowering credit standards. At the same time, a wave of banking mergers in the early 1990's provided an opening for ACORN to use CRA to force lending changes. Any merger could be blocked under CRA, and once ACORN began systematically filing protests over minority lending, a formerly toothless set of regulations began to bite.


ACORN’s efforts to undermine credit standards in the late 1980s taught it a valuable lesson. However much pressure ACORN put on banks to lower credit standards, tough requirements in the “secondary market” run by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac served as a barrier to change. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac buy up mortgages en masse, bundle them, and sell them to investors on the world market. Back then, Fannie and Freddie refused to buy loans that failed to meet high credit standards. If, for example, a local bank buckled to ACORN pressure and agreed to offer poor or minority applicants a 5-percent down-payment rate, instead of the normal 10-20 percent, Fannie and Freddie would refuse to buy up those mortgages. That would leave all the risk of these shaky loans with the local bank. So again and again, local banks would tell ACORN that, because of standards imposed by Fannie and Freddie, they could lower their credit standards by only a little.

So the eighties taught ACORN that a high-pressure, Alinskyite outside strategy wouldn’t be enough. Their Washington lobbyists would have to bring inside pressure on the government to undercut credit standards at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Only then would local banks consider making loans available to customers with bad credit histories, low wages, virtually nothing in the bank, and even bankruptcies on record.

Democrats and ACORN
As early as 1987, ACORN began pressuring Fannie and Freddie to review their standards, with modest results. By 1989, ACORN had lured Fannie Mae into the first of many “pilot projects” designed to help local banks lower credit standards. But it was all small potatoes until the serious pressure began in early 1991. At that point, Democratic Senator Allan Dixon convened a Senate subcommittee hearing at which an ACORN representative gave key testimony. It’s probably not a coincidence that Dixon, like Obama, was an Illinois Democrat, since Chicago has long been a stronghold of ACORN influence.

Dixon gave credibility to ACORN’s accusations of loan bias, although these claims of racism were disputed by Missouri Republican, Christopher Bond. ACORN’s spokesman strenuously complained that his organization’s efforts to relax local credit standards were being blocked by requirements set by the secondary market. Dixon responded by pressing Fannie and Freddie to do more to relax those standards — and by promising to introduce legislation that would ensure it. At this early stage, Fannie and Freddie walked a fine line between promising to do more, while protesting any wholesale reduction of credit requirements.

By July of 1991, ACORN’s legislative campaign began to bear fruit. As the Chicago Tribune put it, “Housing activists have been pushing hard to improve housing for the poor by extracting greater financial support from the country’s two highly profitable secondary mortgage-market companies. Thanks to the help of sympathetic lawmakers, it appeared...that they may succeed.” The Tribune went on to explain that House Democrat Henry Gonzales had announced that Fannie and Freddie had agreed to commit $3.5 billion to low-income housing in 1992 and 1993, in addition to a just-announced $10 billion “affordable housing loan program” by Fannie Mae. The article emphasizes ACORN pressure and notes that Fannie and Freddie had been fighting against the plan as recently as a week before agreement was reached. Fannie and Freddie gave in only to stave off even more restrictive legislation floated by congressional Democrats.

A mere month later, ACORN Housing Corporation president, George Butts made news by complaining to a House Banking subcommittee that ACORN’s efforts to pressure banks using CRA were still being hamstrung by Fannie and Freddie. Butts also demanded still more data on the race, gender, and income of loan applicants. Many news reports over the ensuing months point to ACORN as the key source of pressure on congress for a further reduction of credit standards at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. As a result of this pressure, ACORN was eventually permitted to redraft many of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s loan guideline.

Clinton and ACORN
ACORN’s progress through 1992 depended on its Democratic allies. Whatever ACORN managed to squeeze out of the George H. W. Bush administration came under congressional pressure. With the advent of the Clinton administration, however, ACORN’s fortunes took a positive turn. Clinton Housing Secretary Henry Cisnersos pledged to meet monthly with ACORN representatives. For ACORN, those meetings bore fruit.

Another factor working in ACORN’s favor was that its increasing success with local banks turned those banks into allies in the battle with Fannie and Freddie. Precisely because ACORN’s local pressure tactics were working, banks themselves now wanted Fannie and Freddie to loosen their standards still further, so as to buy up still more of the high-risk loans they’d made at ACORN’s insistence. So by the 1993, a grand alliance of ACORN, national Democrats, and local bankers looking for someone to lessen the risks imposed on them by CRA and ACORN were uniting to pressure Fannie and Freddie to loosen credit standards still further.

At this point, both ACORN and the Clinton administration were working together to impose large numerical targets or “set asides” (really a sort of poor and minority loan quota system) on Fannie and Freddie. ACORN called for at least half of Fannie and Freddie loans to go to low-income customers. At first the Clinton administration offered a set-aside of 30 percent. But eventually ACORN got what it wanted. In early 1994, the Clinton administration floated plans for committing $1 trillion in loans to low- and moderate-income home-buyers, which would amount to about half of Fannie Mae’s business by the end of the decade. Wall Street Analysts attributed Fannie Mae’s willingness to go along with the change to the need to protect itself against still more severe “congressional attack.” News reports also highlighted praise for the change from ACORN’s head lobbyist, Deepak Bhargava.

This sweeping debasement of credit standards was touted by Fannie Mae’s chairman, chief executive officer, and now prominent Obama adviser James A. Johnson. This is also the period when Fannie Mae ramped up its pilot programs and local partnerships with ACORN, all of which became precedents and models for the pattern of risky subprime mortgages at the root of today’s crisis. During these years, Obama’s Chicago ACORN ally, Madeline Talbott, was at the forefront of participation in those pilot programs, and her activities were consistently supported by Obama through both foundation funding and personal leadership training for her top organizers.

Finally, in June of 1995, President Clinton, Vice President Gore, and Secretary Cisneros announced the administration’s comprehensive new strategy for raising home-ownership in America to an all-time high. Representatives from ACORN were guests of honor at the ceremony. In his remarks, Clinton emphasized that: “Out homeownership strategy will not cost the taxpayers one extra cent. It will not require legislation.” Clinton meant that informal partnerships between Fannie and Freddie and groups like ACORN would make mortgages available to customers “who have historically been excluded from homeownership.”

Disaster
In the end of course, Clinton’s plan cost taxpayers an almost unimaginable amount of money. And it was just around the time of his 1995 announcement that the Chicago papers started encouraging bad-credit customers with “dog-food” wages, little money in the bank, and even histories of bankruptcy to apply for home loans with the help of ACORN. At both the local and national levels, then, ACORN served as the critical catalyst, levering pressure created by the Community Reinvestment Act and pull with Democratic politicians to force Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac into a pattern of high-risk loans.

Up to now, conventional wisdom on the financial meltdown has relegated ACORN and the CRA to bit parts. The real problem, we’ve been told, lay with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In fact, however, ACORN is at the base of the whole mess. ACORN used CRA and Democratic sympathizers to entangle Fannie and Freddie and the entire financial system in a disastrous disregard of the most basic financial standards. And Barack Obama cut his teeth as an organizer and politician backing up ACORN’s economic madness every step of the way.



Here are the links to a report on this issue, I hope it helps clear the air a bit. However, you will need to put your political bias aside in order to understand the report because the Democrats in Washington and Barack Obama are right in the middle of this.

Part One: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0g0mtZyZB4
Part Two: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8ziPZyGf3g
Part Three: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zqw9UzUtxbg
Part Four: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qVuG7-
Part Five: http://www.youtube.com/watch
Part Six: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2nHqJZazucPart


SOURCE:Stanley Kurtz

Stanley Kurtz is a Senior Fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Institute.
On a wide range of issues, from marriage and family, to higher education reform, to the place of religion in public life, to the challenges of democratization abroad, Mr. Kurtz is a key contributor to American public debates.

Mr. Kurtz has written frequently on these and other issues for various journals, including National Review Online (where he is a contributing editor), the Weekly Standard, Policy Review, City Journal, and Commentary.

Mr. Kurtz has provided a critical public voice in defense of traditional marriage as well as insightful commentary on the tensions between religion and secularism in modern society. He also has led the campaign to reform federal subsidies to academic programs of “area studies” under Title VI of the Higher Education Act. Mr. Kurtz received his undergraduate degree from Haverford College and his Ph.D. in social anthropology from Harvard University.

Mr. Kurtz later taught at Harvard, winning several teaching awards for his work in a Great Books program. He was also Dewey Prize Lecturer in Psychology at the University of Chicago.

Saturday, October 4, 2008

John McCain Voting Record

Vote Key
YNNVPYPN
YeaNayNot Voting, Excused, Absent, or PresentPair YeaPair Nay


Abortion:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
02/26/2008
Prohibiting the Funds in S 1200 from Being Used for AbortionsS Amdt 3896
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 42)
10/18/2007
Prohibiting Funds for Groups that Perform AbortionsS Amdt 3330
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 52)
09/06/2007
Prohibiting U.S. Assistance for Groups that Support Coercive AbortionS Amdt 2707
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(48 - 45)
03/17/2005
Unintended Pregnancy AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 53)
10/21/2003
Prohibit Partial-Birth Abortion billS 3
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 33)
10/21/2003
Prohibit Partial-Birth Abortion billS 3
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(64 - 34)
06/21/2002
Military Abortion AmendmentS 2514
N
Amendment Passed - Senate(52 - 40)
06/20/2000
Military Abortions AmendmentS 2549
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(50 - 49)
02/02/2000
Violent Protestors AmendmentS 625
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(80 - 17)
10/21/1999
Roe v. Wade AmendmentS 1692
NV
Amendment passed - Senate(51 - 47)
10/21/1999
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1999S 1692
Y
Bill passed - Senate(63 - 34)
05/26/1999
Overseas Military Abortions AmendmentS 1059
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(51 - 49)
09/18/1998
Late-Term Abortion - Override President's VetoHR 1122
Y
Veto Override Failed - Senate(64 - 36)
06/25/1998
Overseas Military Hospital Abortions AmendmentS 2057
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(44 - 49)
09/04/1997
Fetal Tissue Research AmendmentS 1061
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(38 - 60)
07/22/1997
Abortion Funding AmendmentS 1023
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(54 - 45)
07/10/1997
Abortions at Overseas Military FacilitiesS 936
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
05/20/1997
Partial-Birth Abortion billHR 1122
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 36)
09/26/1996
Partial-Birth Abortion BanHR 1833
Y
Veto Override Failed - Senate(57 - 41)
06/19/1996
Overseas Abortion AmendmentS 1745
Y
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(45 - 51)
03/19/1996
Medical Professionals AmendmentHR 3019
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(63 - 37)
12/07/1995
Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995HR 1833
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(54 - 44)


Budget, Spending & Taxes:
Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
10/01/2008
Economic Stabilization/Bail Out BillHR 1424
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 25)
10/01/2008
Amtrak ReauthorizationHR 2095
N
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(74 - 24)
09/27/2008
Consolidated Continuing AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(78 - 12)
09/17/2008
Defense Authorizations BillS 3001
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(88 - 8)
07/31/2008
Higher Education Act Amendments and ExtensionsHR 4137
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(83 - 8)
07/31/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(89 - 3)
07/26/2008
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance FundingS 3186
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(50 - 35)
07/26/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(72 - 13)
07/16/2008
Funding Amendment to AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria BillS Amdt 5077
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(31 - 64)
07/16/2008
Funding to Combat AIDS, Malaria, and TuberculosisHR 5501
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(80 - 16)
07/15/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(70 - 26)
07/09/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Cloture Invoked - Senate(69 - 30)
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
06/25/2008
Housing Foreclosure Assistance ProgramsS Amdt 4983
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(79 - 16)
06/18/2008
Second Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 6124
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
06/17/2008
Alternative Energy Tax IncentivesHR 6049
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
06/10/2008
Increasing Taxes on Profits, Rescinding Certain Tax Deductions, and Increasing Tax Incentives for Alternative Energy Programs for Oil CompaniesS 3044
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 43)
05/22/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(82 - 13)
05/22/2008
Funding for Operations in Iraq and AfghanistanS Amdt 4818
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 26)
05/22/2008
GI Bill and Other Domestic ProvisionsS Amdt 4803
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 22)
05/15/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(81 - 15)
04/10/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 12)
04/10/2008
Energy Tax Credits AmendmentS Amdt 4419 to S Amdt 4387 to HR 3221
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(88 - 8)
03/14/2008
Concurrent Budget ResolutionS Con Res 70
NV
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 44)
03/13/2008
Earmark MoratoriumS Amdt 4347
Y
Motion Rejected - Senate(29 - 71)
03/13/2008
Restriction of Federal Assistance Based on Compliance with Federal Immigration LawsS Amdt 4309 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(58 - 40)
03/06/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 13)
02/26/2008
Health Care for Indigenous PeoplesS 1200
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(83 - 10)
02/26/2008
Prohibiting the Funds in S 1200 from Being Used for AbortionsS Amdt 3896
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 42)
02/13/2008
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 2082
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 45)
02/07/2008
Economic Stimulus PlanHR 5140
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(81 - 16)
01/22/2008
Defense Authorizations BillHR 4986
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(91 - 3)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Iraq and Afghanistan Military Operations Funding with the Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(70 - 25)
12/14/2007
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
12/13/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(86 - 8)
12/13/2007
Limit on Farm SubsidiesS Amdt 3695
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(56 - 43)
12/13/2007
Income Limit for Subsidies to FarmersS Amdt 3810
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 47)
12/11/2007
Government Sponsored Farm Insurance PoliciesS Amdt 3711
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 58)
12/06/2007
Temporary Tax Adjustments Act of 2007HR 3996
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(46 - 48)
12/06/2007
Temporary Alternative Minimum Tax Adjustment Act of 2007HR 3996
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(88 - 5)
11/16/2007
Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of Defense and Timeline for Withdrawal from IraqHR 4156
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(53 - 45)
11/16/2007
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of DefenseS 2340
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(45 - 53)
11/08/2007
Water Resources Development Act of 2007HR 1495
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
11/07/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(56 - 37)
11/01/2007
Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 (CHIP)HR 3963
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 30)
10/30/2007
Amtrak ReauthorizationS 294
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(70 - 22)
10/25/2007
Amtrak Federal Subsidy LimitsS Amdt 3453
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(28 - 66)
10/23/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
10/18/2007
Prohibiting Funds for Groups that Perform AbortionsS Amdt 3330
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 52)
10/16/2007
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008HR 3093
N
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
10/03/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 3117
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(95 - 1)
10/01/2007
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 1585
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 3)
09/27/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(67 - 29)
09/10/2007
Bridge Repair FundingS Amdt 2792
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(60 - 33)
09/07/2007
Student Loan Lender Subsidy Cuts and Student GrantsHR 2669
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(79 - 12)
08/02/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
N
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 31)
07/26/2007
Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations ActHR 1
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(85 - 8)
07/26/2007
Department of Homeland Security AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(89 - 4)
07/26/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 2480
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(89 - 1)
07/26/2007
REAL ID FundingS Amdt 2405
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(50 - 44)
07/20/2007
Student Loan Lender Subsidy Cuts and Student GrantsHR 2669
N
Bill Passed - Senate(78 - 18)
06/21/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 27)
06/21/2007
Alternative Energy Subsidies S Amdt 1704
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(57 - 36)
05/24/2007
Emergency Departmental Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007HR 2206
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
05/17/2007
2008 Budget ResolutionS Con Res 21
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(52 - 40)
04/26/2007
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007 with Iraq Withdrawal TimelineHR 1591
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 46)
03/23/2007
Congressional Budget for 2008S Con Res 21
N
Passed - Senate(52 - 47)
08/03/2006
Death/EstateTax and Minimum Wage Bill of 2006HR 5970
Y
Cloture Motion Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 42)
05/11/2006
Tax Reconciliation billHR 4297
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(54 - 44)
03/16/2006
Education Funding AmendmentS Con Res 83
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 51)
03/16/2006
Debt Limit Increase ResolutionH J Res 47
Y
Resolution Passed - Senate(52 - 48)
03/16/2006
2007 Budget ResolutionS Con Res 83
Y
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 49)
03/16/2006
Natural Resources and Environment Funding AmendmentS Con Res 83
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 49)
03/14/2006
Reinstate Pay-As-You-Go through 2011 AmendmentS Con Res 83
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(50 - 50)
02/02/2006
Tax Reconciliation billHR 4297
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(66 - 31)
12/21/2005
Budget Reconciliation billS 1932
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 50)
11/18/2005
Tax Reconciliation BillS 2020
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 33)
11/17/2005
Earned Income Tax Credit AmendmentS 2020
Y
Motion Failed - Senate(55 - 43)
11/17/2005
Hurricane Victims Tax Benefit AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Failed - Senate(44 - 55)
11/17/2005
Pay As You Go AmendmentS 2020
Y
Motion Failed - Senate(50 - 48)
11/17/2005
Temporary Tax on Crude Oil AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Failed - Senate(50 - 48)
11/17/2005
Tax Rate AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Failed - Senate(40 - 59)
11/03/2005
Medicare Prescription Drug AmendmentS 1932
Y
Motion Failed - Senate(51 - 48)
11/03/2005
Budget Reconciliation billS 1932
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(52 - 47)
11/03/2005
Pay As You Go AmendmentS 1932
Y
Motion Failed - Senate(50 - 49)
04/28/2005
Budget FY2006 Appropriations ResolutionH CON RES 95
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(52 - 47)
03/17/2005
Budget FY2006 Appropriations ResolutionS Con Res 18
Y
Concurrent Resolution Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
03/17/2005
Education AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
03/17/2005
Perkins Vocational Education Program AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(44 - 56)
03/17/2005
Homeland Security Grant Program AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(63 - 37)
03/17/2005
Native American Funding AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(45 - 55)
03/17/2005
Tax Subsidy for Domestic Companies AmendmentS Con Res 18
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(40 - 59)
10/11/2004
JOBS (Jumpstart Our Business Strength)HR 4520
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(69 - 17)
09/23/2004
Increased Child Tax Credit billHR 1308
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(92 - 3)
05/11/2004
Jumpstart Our Business Strength (JOBS) ActS 1637
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 5)
04/29/2004
Internet Access Tax billS 150
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(93 - 3)
05/23/2003
Jobs and Economic Growth billHR 2
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 50)
05/15/2003
Jobs and Economic Growth billHR 2
N
Bill Passed - Senate(51 - 49)
04/11/2003
Congressional Budget for fiscal year 2004H Con Res 95
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 50)
03/26/2003
Budget Resolution FY2004S Con Res 23
N
Resolution Adopted - Senate(56 - 44)
03/19/2003
ANWR Oil Drilling AmendmentS Con Res 23
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 48)
05/26/2001
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 2001HR 1836
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(58 - 33)
05/23/2001
Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act, 2001HR 1836
Y
Bill passed - Senate(62 - 38)
05/10/2001
Fiscal Year 2002 Budget ResolutionH Con Res 83
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(53 - 47)
07/21/2000
Marriage Tax Relief BillHR 4810
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(60 - 34)
07/14/2000
Death/Estate Tax Elimination Act of 2000HR 8
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(59 - 39)
07/13/2000
Death/Estate Tax AmendmentHR 8
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 53)
04/13/2000
Congressional Budget resolution FY 2001H Con Res 290
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(50 - 48)
04/07/2000
Congressional Budget resolution FY 2001H Con Res 290
NV
Resolution Adopted - Senate(51 - 45)
08/05/1999
Financial Freedom Act of 1999HR 2488
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(50 - 49)
07/30/1999
Taxpayer Refund Act of 1999S 1429
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(57 - 43)
05/06/1999
Financial Services Modernization BillS 900
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(54 - 44)
04/15/1999
Congressional Budget Resolution, FY 2000H Con Res 68
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(54 - 44)
03/25/1999
Congressional Budget Resolution, FY 2000H Con Res 68
NV
Resolution Adopted - Senate(55 - 44)
06/04/1998
Underage Tobacco Usage amendmentS 1415
Y
Motion to Table Rejected - Senate(29 - 66)
04/30/1998
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations billHR 3579
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(88 - 11)
04/02/1998
Budget Resolution FY99S Con Res 86
Y
Resolution Adopted - Senate(57 - 41)
04/01/1998
Medicare Choices AmendmentS Con Res 86
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 47)
04/01/1998
Personal Retirement Accounts AmendmentS Con Res 86
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
04/01/1998
School Modernization AmendmentS Con Res 86
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(54 - 46)
03/31/1998
Deficit Neutral Reserve Fund AmendmentS Con Res 86
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 52)
03/31/1998
Tobacco Immunity AmendmentS Con Res 86
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(79 - 19)
07/31/1997
Budget Reconciliation billHR 2015
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(85 - 15)
07/31/1997
Budget Reconciliation BillHR 2014
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(92 - 8)
06/27/1997
Budget Reconciliation BillHR 2014
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(80 - 18)
06/26/1997
Family Tax Relief AmendmentS 949
N
Amendment Rejected . - Senate(38 - 61)
06/25/1997
Budget Reconciliation billS 947
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(73 - 27)
06/05/1997
Budget Resolution FY1999-2000H Con Res 84
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(76 - 22)
05/23/1997
Budget Resolution FY1999-2000H Con Res 84
Y
Resolution Passed - Senate(78 - 22)
05/22/1997
Budget Deficit AmendmentS Con Res 27
N
Tabling Motion Adopted . - Senate(52 - 47)
03/04/1997
Balanced Budget amendmentS J Res 1
Y
Bill Failed - Senate(66 - 34)
08/02/1996
Minimum Wage Increase billHR 3448
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(76 - 22)
07/09/1996
Minimum Wage Increase billHR 3448
N
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 24)
06/13/1996
FY1997 Appropriations Act Treasury, Postal ServiceH Con Res 178
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(53 - 46)
06/06/1996
Balanced Budget Proposed Constitutional AmendmentH J Res 1
Y
Resolution Failed - Senate(64 - 35)
11/16/1995
Continuing Appropriation billH Joint Res 122
Y
Joint Resolution Passed - Senate(60 - 37)
10/27/1995
Budget Reconciliation billHR 2491
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(52 - 47)
06/29/1995
Budget FY2006 Appropriations ResolutionH Con Res 67
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(54 - 46)
05/25/1995
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations and RescissionsHR 1158
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(61 - 38)
05/25/1995
Fiscal 1996 Budget Resolution - AdoptionH Con Res 67
Y
Resolution Passed - Senate(57 - 42)
03/23/1995
Pay-As-You-Go AmendmentS 4
Y
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(49 - 48)
03/02/1995
Balanced Budget Proposed Constitutional AmendmentH J Res 1
Y
Joint Resolution Failed - Senate(65 - 35)


Business & Consumers:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
10/01/2008
Economic Stabilization/Bail Out BillHR 1424
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 25)
07/31/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(89 - 3)
07/15/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(70 - 26)
07/09/2008
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008HR 6304
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(69 - 28)
07/09/2008
Striking Telecom Immunity from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance BillS Amdt 5064
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(32 - 66)
07/09/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Cloture Invoked - Senate(69 - 30)
06/18/2008
Second Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 6124
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
06/17/2008
Alternative Energy Tax IncentivesHR 6049
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
06/10/2008
Increasing Taxes on Profits, Rescinding Certain Tax Deductions, and Increasing Tax Incentives for Alternative Energy Programs for Oil CompaniesS 3044
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 43)
06/06/2008
Carbon Emissions Cap and Trade PlanS Amdt 4825
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(48 - 36)
05/22/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(82 - 13)
05/15/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(81 - 15)
05/07/2008
Optional Wind Damage InsuranceS Amdt 4719
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(19 - 74)
04/10/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 12)
04/10/2008
Energy Tax Credits AmendmentS Amdt 4419 to S Amdt 4387 to HR 3221
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(88 - 8)
03/14/2008
Expressing the Sense of the Senate on the Legalization of Importing Certain Prescription DrugsS Amdt 4299
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(73 - 23)
03/13/2008
Immigration Enforcement and Employer Sanctions AmendmentS Amdt 4259
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(53 - 45)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil Shale and Offshore Natural GasS Amdt 4207 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 51)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil and Natural Gas in Coastal Areas Not Covered by a MoratoriumS Amdt 4329 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(56 - 43)
03/06/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 13)
02/12/2008
FISA Amendments Act of 2007S 2248
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 29)
02/12/2008
Striking Telecommunications Companies' Civil Immunity for SurveillanceS Amdt 3907
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(31 - 67)
02/12/2008
FISA as Exclusive Means for Conducting Electronic SurveillanceS Amdt 3910
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(57 - 41)
02/07/2008
Economic Stimulus PlanHR 5140
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(81 - 16)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
12/14/2007
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
12/13/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(86 - 8)
12/13/2007
Limit on Farm SubsidiesS Amdt 3695
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(56 - 43)
12/13/2007
Income Limit for Subsidies to FarmersS Amdt 3810
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 47)
12/11/2007
Government Sponsored Farm Insurance PoliciesS Amdt 3711
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 58)
10/30/2007
Amtrak ReauthorizationS 294
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(70 - 22)
09/07/2007
Student Loan Lender Subsidy Cuts and Student GrantsHR 2669
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(79 - 12)
07/20/2007
Student Loan Lender Subsidy Cuts and Student GrantsHR 2669
N
Bill Passed - Senate(78 - 18)
06/26/2007
Union Organization BillHR 800
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 48)
06/21/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 27)
06/21/2007
Alternative Energy Subsidies S Amdt 1704
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(57 - 36)
06/14/2007
Clean Energy Achievement CriteriaS Amdt 1538
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(56 - 39)
06/06/2007
Denying Legal Status for Immigrants Convicted of Certain CrimesS Amdt 1184
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 51)
06/06/2007
Point Based Immigration Expiration DateS Amdt 1202
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(42 - 55)
06/06/2007
Five Year Expiration for Guest Worker ProgramS Amdt 1316
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 48)
05/24/2007
Emergency Departmental Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007HR 2206
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
05/23/2007
Guest Worker Number Reduction AmendmentS Amdt 1169
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(74 - 24)
05/07/2007
FDA Drug Import Certification AmendmentS Amdt 1010
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 40)
11/17/2005
Price-Gouging During Emergencies AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Failed - Senate(57 - 42)
11/03/2005
Targeted Case Management AmendmentS 1932
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 52)
07/26/2005
Corporate Financing of Terrorism AmendmentS 1042
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 51)
03/10/2005
Bankruptcy Reform BillS 256
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 25)
03/08/2005
Violent Protestor AmendmentS 256
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 53)
03/07/2005
Minimum Wage AmendmentS 256
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(38 - 61)
03/07/2005
Minimum Wage AmendmentS 256
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 49)
04/08/2004
Pension Funding Equity Act of 2004HR 3108
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(78 - 19)
07/15/2002
Accounting Industry Reform billS 2673
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(97 - 0)
06/18/2002
Terrorism Insurance BillS 2600
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 14)
02/02/2000
Bankruptcy Reform billHR 833
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(83 - 14)


Campaign Finance & Election Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
08/02/2007
Lobbying and Donation RegulationsS 1
N
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(83 - 14)
10/16/2002
Help America Vote Act of 2002HR 3295
Y
Conference Reported Adopted - Senate(92 - 2)
04/11/2002
Equal Protection of Voting Rights Act of 2001HR 565
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(99 - 1)
03/20/2002
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001HR 2356
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(60 - 40)
02/27/2002
Equal Protection of Voting Rights Act of 2001S 565
Y
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(46 - 51)
04/02/2001
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001S 27
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(59 - 41)
03/26/2001
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001S 27
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 46)
03/21/2001
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act - Union AmendmentS 27
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(69 - 31)
03/20/2001
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001S 27
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 30)
06/29/2000
'527' Political Groups-PassageHR 4762
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
07/30/1998
Federal Election Commission term lengthS 2312
N
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(45 - 54)
02/25/1998
Campaign Finance Reform AmendmentS 1663
N
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(48 - 50)
02/24/1998
Campaign Finance Reform AmendmentS 1663
N
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
06/25/1996
Campaign Finance Reform billS 1219
Y
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(54 - 46)

Civil Liberties & Civil Rights:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
07/09/2008
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008HR 6304
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(69 - 28)
07/09/2008
Striking Telecom Immunity from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance BillS Amdt 5064
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(32 - 66)
04/23/2008
Equal Pay BillHR 2831
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 42)
02/13/2008
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 2082
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 45)
02/12/2008
FISA Amendments Act of 2007S 2248
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 29)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
10/16/2007
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008HR 3093
N
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
09/20/2007
Expressing Support for General Petraeus and All Members of the Armed ForcesS Amdt 2934
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(72 - 25)
09/20/2007
Expressing Support for All Men and Women in the U.S. Armed ForcesS Amdt 2947
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(50 - 47)
09/19/2007
Habeas Corpus for Detainees of the United StatesS Amdt 2022
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 43)
09/18/2007
District of Columbia House Voting Rights Act of 2007S 1257
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(57 - 42)
08/03/2007
Foreign Intelligence AcquisitionS 1927
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(60 - 28)
07/26/2007
Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations ActHR 1
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(85 - 8)
07/26/2007
REAL ID FundingS Amdt 2405
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(50 - 44)
07/19/2007
Sense of the Senate on Guantanamo Bay DetaineesS Amdt 2351
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(94 - 3)
06/06/2007
Law Enforcement Review of Z Visa ApplicationsS Amdt 1250
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(57 - 39)
06/06/2007
English as the Common LanguageS Amdt 1384
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(58 - 39)
06/27/2006
Flag Desecration Constitutional AmendmentS J Res 12
Y
Joint Resolution Failed - Senate(66 - 34)
03/29/2000
Flag Desecration amendmentS J Res 14
Y
Joint Resolution Failed - Senate(63 - 37)
05/18/1999
Religious Memorials at Schools AmendmentS 254
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(85 - 13)
07/22/1998
Phone Recording AmendmentS 2260
N
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(50 - 50)
09/10/1996
Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)HR 3396
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(85 - 14)
09/10/1996
Employment Nondiscrimination Act of 1996S 2056
N
Bill Failed - Senate(49 - 50)
12/12/1995
Flag Desecration billS J Res 31
Y
Joint Resolution Failed - Senate(63 - 36)

Employment & Affirmative Action:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
04/23/2008
Equal Pay BillHR 2831
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 42)
05/11/2004
Unemployment Benefits AmendmentS 1637
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(59 - 40)
03/06/1998
Disadvantaged Business Enterprises AmendmentS 1173
Y
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(58 - 37)

Energy Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
10/01/2008
United States - India Nuclear AgreementHR 7081
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(86 - 13)
09/27/2008
Consolidated Continuing AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(78 - 12)
07/26/2008
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance FundingS 3186
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(50 - 35)
07/26/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(72 - 13)
06/17/2008
Alternative Energy Tax IncentivesHR 6049
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
06/10/2008
Increasing Taxes on Profits, Rescinding Certain Tax Deductions, and Increasing Tax Incentives for Alternative Energy Programs for Oil CompaniesS 3044
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 43)
06/06/2008
Carbon Emissions Cap and Trade PlanS Amdt 4825
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(48 - 36)
04/10/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 12)
04/10/2008
Energy Tax Credits AmendmentS Amdt 4419 to S Amdt 4387 to HR 3221
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(88 - 8)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil Shale and Offshore Natural GasS Amdt 4207 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 51)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil and Natural Gas in Coastal Areas Not Covered by a MoratoriumS Amdt 4329 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(56 - 43)
12/13/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(86 - 8)
06/21/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 27)
06/21/2007
Alternative Energy Subsidies S Amdt 1704
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(57 - 36)
06/19/2007
Preventing Petroleum Export Organizations (NOPEC Act of 2007)S Amdt 1519
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 23)
06/14/2007
Offshore Drilling in VirginiaS Amdt 1566
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(43 - 44)
06/14/2007
Clean Energy Achievement CriteriaS Amdt 1538
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(56 - 39)
08/01/2006
Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006S 3711
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(71 - 25)
03/16/2006
ANWR Revenues AmendmentS Con Res 83
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
03/16/2006
LIHEAP Funding AmendmentS Con Res 83
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
11/03/2005
Alaska Judicial Review AmendmentS 1932
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
10/26/2005
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Program AmendmentHR 3010
N
Motion Failed - Senate(54 - 43)
07/29/2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005HR 6
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(74 - 26)
06/28/2005
Energy Policy Act of 2005HR 6
N
Bill Passed - Senate(85 - 12)
06/16/2005
Reduction in Dependence on Foreign OilHR 6
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 53)
06/16/2005
Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) AmendmentHR 6
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 48)
06/14/2005
Environmental Effects Caused by Ethanol AmendmentHR 6
N
Motion to Table Agreed - Senate(59 - 38)
03/16/2005
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Drilling AmendmentS Con Res 18
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 51)
07/31/2003
Energy Omnibus billHR 6
N
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 14)
06/10/2003
Hydrogen Fuel Cell AmendmentS 14
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(67 - 32)
06/10/2003
Reduction of Foreign Oil Dependence AmendmentS 14
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(99 - 1)
04/25/2002
Securing America's Future Energy (SAFE) Act of 2001HR 4
N
Bill Passed - Senate(88 - 11)
04/15/1997
Nuclear Waste Disposal billS 104
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 34)
04/15/1997
Yucca Mountain Alternate Sites amendmentS 104
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(59 - 39)
07/31/1996
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1996S 1936
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(63 - 37)

Environmental Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
09/27/2008
Consolidated Continuing AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(78 - 12)
06/18/2008
Second Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 6124
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
06/17/2008
Alternative Energy Tax IncentivesHR 6049
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
06/10/2008
Increasing Taxes on Profits, Rescinding Certain Tax Deductions, and Increasing Tax Incentives for Alternative Energy Programs for Oil CompaniesS 3044
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 43)
06/06/2008
Carbon Emissions Cap and Trade PlanS Amdt 4825
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(48 - 36)
05/22/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(82 - 13)
05/15/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(81 - 15)
04/10/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 12)
04/10/2008
Energy Tax Credits AmendmentS Amdt 4419 to S Amdt 4387 to HR 3221
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(88 - 8)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil Shale and Offshore Natural GasS Amdt 4207 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 51)
03/13/2008
Amendment on Certain Energy-Related Programs, Including the Development of Oil and Natural Gas in Coastal Areas Not Covered by a MoratoriumS Amdt 4329 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(56 - 43)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
12/14/2007
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
12/13/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(86 - 8)
12/11/2007
Government Sponsored Farm Insurance PoliciesS Amdt 3711
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 58)
11/08/2007
Water Resources Development Act of 2007HR 1495
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
06/21/2007
Energy Act of 2007HR 6
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 27)
06/21/2007
Alternative Energy Subsidies S Amdt 1704
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(57 - 36)
06/14/2007
Offshore Drilling in VirginiaS Amdt 1566
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(43 - 44)
06/14/2007
Clean Energy Achievement CriteriaS Amdt 1538
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(56 - 39)
12/21/2005
Removal of ANWR Provision from HR 2863S Con Res 74
NV
Concurrent Resolution Adopted - Senate(48 - 45)
11/03/2005
ANWR AmendmentS 1932
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
09/13/2005
EPA's Clean Air Mercury RuleS J Res 20
Y
Resolution Failed: - Senate(47 - 51)
10/30/2003
Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003HR 1904
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
04/06/2000
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Drilling amendmentS Con Res 101
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(51 - 49)
02/10/2000
Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments ActS 1287
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 34)
09/17/1996
Federal Land Grazing Fee AmendmentHR 3662
Y
Tabling Motion Rejected - Senate(50 - 50)
08/02/1996
Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1995S 1316
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(98 - 0)

Family & Children Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
11/07/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(56 - 37)
11/01/2007
Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 (CHIP)HR 3963
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 30)
10/23/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
09/27/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(67 - 29)
08/02/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
N
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 31)
06/06/2007
Point Based Immigration Expiration DateS Amdt 1202
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(42 - 55)
07/25/2006
Child Custody Protection ActS 403
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 34)
07/25/2006
Teen Pregnancy Education AmendmentS 403
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
07/14/2004
Federal Marriage AmendmentS J Res 40
N
Bill Failed - Senate(48 - 50)
04/10/2003
Enhance AMBER Alert billS 151
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(98 - 0)
02/24/2003
Enhance AMBER Alert billS 151
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 0)

Foreign Aid & Policy Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
10/01/2008
United States - India Nuclear AgreementHR 7081
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(86 - 13)
09/17/2008
Defense Authorizations BillS 3001
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(88 - 8)
07/16/2008
Funding Amendment to AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria BillS Amdt 5077
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(31 - 64)
07/16/2008
Funding to Combat AIDS, Malaria, and TuberculosisHR 5501
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(80 - 16)
07/15/2008
Limiting Countries for HIV/Aids, Tuberculosis, and Malaria FundingS Amdt 5078
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(70 - 24)
07/10/2008
Nomination of General Petraeus as Military Leader of the Middle EastPN 1641
NV
Nomination Confirmed - Senate(95 - 2)
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
05/22/2008
Funding for Operations in Iraq and AfghanistanS Amdt 4818
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 26)
05/22/2008
Funding for Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan with Provisions Regarding Conduct and Congressional OversightS Amdt 4817
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(34 - 63)
05/22/2008
GI Bill and Other Domestic ProvisionsS Amdt 4803
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 22)
01/22/2008
Defense Authorizations BillHR 4986
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(91 - 3)
12/18/2007
Iraq Withdrawal AmendmentS Amdt 3875
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(24 - 71)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Iraq and Afghanistan Military Operations Funding with the Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(70 - 25)
12/04/2007
United States-Peru Trade AgreementHR 3688
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(77 - 18)
11/16/2007
Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of Defense and Timeline for Withdrawal from IraqHR 4156
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(53 - 45)
11/16/2007
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of DefenseS 2340
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(45 - 53)
10/01/2007
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 1585
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 3)
09/26/2007
Expressing the Sense of Congress Regarding Federalism in IraqS Amdt 2997
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 23)
09/26/2007
Expressing the Sense of Congress Regarding Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard CorpsS Amdt 3017
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(76 - 22)
09/11/2007
Limiting Mexican Trucks to Commercial Zones Near the Border Between the U.S. and MexicoS Amdt 2797
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 23)
09/06/2007
Prohibiting U.S. Assistance for Groups that Support Coercive AbortionS Amdt 2707
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(48 - 45)
07/19/2007
Sense of the Senate on Guantanamo Bay DetaineesS Amdt 2351
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(94 - 3)
06/19/2007
Preventing Petroleum Export Organizations (NOPEC Act of 2007)S Amdt 1519
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 23)
05/24/2007
Emergency Departmental Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007HR 2206
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
09/07/2006
Media in the Middle East AmendmentHR 5631
Y
Motion to Table Adopted - Senate(51 - 44)
03/16/2006
National Defense Funding AmendmentS Con Res 83
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(50 - 50)
11/15/2005
Reporting Matters in Iraq AmendmentS 1042
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(40 - 58)
11/15/2005
Iraq Progress Reports AmendmentS 1042
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(79 - 19)
12/07/2001
International Courts AmendmentHR 3338
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(78 - 21)
05/18/2000
Troop Withdrawal from Kosovo AmendmentS 2521
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(53 - 47)
03/23/1999
Kosovo ResolutionS Con Res 21
Y
Resolution Adopted - Senate(58 - 41)
10/09/1998
Religious Persecution Freedom billHR 2431
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(98 - 0)
09/01/1998
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty AmendmentS 2334
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 44)
06/24/1998
Bosnia and Herzegovina Withdrawal AmendmentS 2057
Y
Amendment Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(65 - 31)
05/22/1998
Iran Missile Sanctions billHR 2709
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(90 - 4)
04/28/1998
State Department FY98-99 Authorization billHR 1757
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
03/13/1998
Saddam Hussein War Crime Prosecution billS Con Res 78
NV
Resolution Adopted - Senate(93 - 0)
04/24/1997
Chemical Weapons Convention billS Res 75
Y
Treaty Ratified - Senate(74 - 26)
03/05/1996
Cuba Sanctions billHR 927
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(74 - 22)
01/26/1996
The START II Treaty103-1
Y
Treaty Ratified - Senate(87 - 4)
12/13/1995
Deployment of US Armed Forces in Bosnia-HerzegovinaS J Res 44
Y
Resolution Passed - Senate(69 - 30)
10/19/1995
Cuba Sanctions billHR 927
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 24)
07/26/1995
Bosnia and Herzegovina Self-Defense Act of 1995S 21
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(69 - 29)

Government Reform:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
11/19/2002
Homeland Security Act of 2002HR 5005
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(90 - 9)

Gun Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
02/25/2008
Prohibiting Funds in the Bill S 1200 from Being Used to Decrease Gun OwnershipS Amdt 4070
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(78 - 11)
07/13/2006
Firearm Confiscation Prohibition AmendmentHR 5441
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(84 - 16)
07/29/2005
Firearms Manufacturers Protection billS 397
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 31)
07/28/2005
Child Safety Lock AmendmentS 397
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 30)
03/02/2004
Firearms Manufacturers Protection billS 1805
Y
Bill Failed - Senate(8 - 90)
05/20/1999
Gun Show Sale Regulation AmendmentS 254
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 50)
07/21/1998
Gun Lock Requirement AmendmentS 2260
Y
Amendment Tabling Motion Adopted . - Senate(61 - 39)

Health Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
07/31/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(89 - 3)
07/16/2008
Funding Amendment to AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria BillS Amdt 5077
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(31 - 64)
07/16/2008
Funding to Combat AIDS, Malaria, and TuberculosisHR 5501
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(80 - 16)
07/15/2008
Limiting Countries for HIV/Aids, Tuberculosis, and Malaria FundingS Amdt 5078
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(70 - 24)
07/15/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(70 - 26)
07/09/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Cloture Invoked - Senate(69 - 30)
06/18/2008
Second Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 6124
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
05/22/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(82 - 13)
05/15/2008
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(81 - 15)
03/14/2008
Concurrent Budget ResolutionS Con Res 70
NV
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 44)
03/14/2008
Expressing the Sense of the Senate on the Legalization of Importing Certain Prescription DrugsS Amdt 4299
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(73 - 23)
03/14/2008
Codifying the Definition of a Child Eligible for SCHIPS Amdt 4233
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 52)
03/06/2008
Consumer Product Safety Commission BillHR 4040
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 13)
02/26/2008
Health Care for Indigenous PeoplesS 1200
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(83 - 10)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
12/14/2007
Farm, Nutrition, and Bioenergy Act of 2007 (Farm Bill)HR 2419
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(79 - 14)
12/11/2007
Government Sponsored Farm Insurance PoliciesS Amdt 3711
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 58)
11/07/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(56 - 37)
11/01/2007
Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 (CHIP)HR 3963
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 30)
10/23/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
10/18/2007
Prohibiting Funds for Groups that Perform AbortionsS Amdt 3330
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 52)
10/01/2007
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 1585
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 3)
09/27/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(67 - 29)
08/02/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
N
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 31)
05/07/2007
FDA Drug Import Certification AmendmentS Amdt 1010
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 40)
11/03/2005
Medicaid Generic Drug AmendmentS 1932
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 50)
11/03/2005
Medical Assistance and Prescription Drug AmendmentS 1932
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(54 - 45)
11/03/2005
Hurricane Health Care for Survivors AmendmentS 1932
N
Motion Rejected - Senate(48 - 51)
10/27/2005
AIDS Drug Assistance Program AmendmentHR 3010
N
Motion Failed - Senate(46 - 50)
03/17/2005
Medicaid AmendmentS Con Res 18
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 51)
06/27/2003
Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit billS 1
N
Bill Passed - Senate(76 - 21)
07/31/2002
Greater Access to Affordable Pharmaceuticals ActS 812
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(78 - 21)
06/29/2001
Patients' Bill of Rights billS 1052
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(59 - 36)
06/29/2000
Off-budget Lockbox AmendmentHR 4577
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(60 - 37)
06/29/2000
Social Security and Medicare Surplus AmendmentHR 4577
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(54 - 43)
06/29/2000
Health Care AmendmentHR 4577
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 47)
06/22/2000
Outpatient Prescription Drugs AmendmentHR 4577
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(44 - 53)
07/15/1999
Patient Bill of Rights billS 1344
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(53 - 47)
07/15/1999
Patient Lawsuit AmendmentS 1344
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(53 - 47)
07/14/1999
Women's Health and Cancer Rights AmendmentS 1344
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(55 - 45)
06/22/1999
Patients' Bill of Rights AmendmentS 1233
Y
Amendment Tabled - Senate(53 - 47)
02/11/1998
Human Cloning Research billS 1601
Y
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(42 - 54)
06/25/1997
Private Contracts AmendmentS 947
Y
Motion Agreed to - Senate(64 - 35)
04/16/1997
Assisted Suicide BillHR 1003
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(99 - 0)
08/02/1996
Health Insurance Portability billHR 3103
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(98 - 0)
04/18/1996
Deletion of Medical Savings Accounts AmendmentS 1028
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 46)
07/27/1995
Ryan White CARE reauthorization Act of 1995S 641
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(97 - 3)

Housing & Property Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
07/26/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(72 - 13)
06/25/2008
Housing Foreclosure Assistance ProgramsS Amdt 4983
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(79 - 16)
05/07/2008
Optional Wind Damage InsuranceS Amdt 4719
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(19 - 74)
04/10/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(84 - 12)
04/10/2008
Energy Tax Credits AmendmentS Amdt 4419 to S Amdt 4387 to HR 3221
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(88 - 8)
02/07/2008
Economic Stimulus PlanHR 5140
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(81 - 16)

Immigration:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
03/13/2008
Immigration Enforcement and Border Fence AmendmentS Amdt 4231
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(61 - 37)
03/13/2008
Immigration Enforcement and Employer Sanctions AmendmentS Amdt 4259
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(53 - 45)
03/13/2008
Restriction of Federal Assistance Based on Compliance with Federal Immigration LawsS Amdt 4309 to S Con Res 70
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(58 - 40)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
10/24/2007
Permanent Residence for Certain Undocumented ImmigrantsS 2205
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
10/03/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 3117
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(95 - 1)
07/26/2007
Department of Homeland Security AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(89 - 4)
07/26/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 2480
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(89 - 1)
06/28/2007
Second Immigration Act of 2007S 1639
Y
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(46 - 53)
06/07/2007
Immigration Act of 2007S 1348
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(34 - 61)
06/06/2007
Declaring English the National LanguageS Amdt 1151
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(64 - 33)
06/06/2007
Denying Legal Status for Immigrants Convicted of Certain CrimesS Amdt 1184
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 51)
06/06/2007
Point Based Immigration Expiration DateS Amdt 1202
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(42 - 55)
06/06/2007
Law Enforcement Review of Z Visa ApplicationsS Amdt 1250
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(57 - 39)
06/06/2007
Five Year Expiration for Guest Worker ProgramS Amdt 1316
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 48)
06/06/2007
Barring Immigrants with Certain Criminal HistoriesS Amdt 1333
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(66 - 32)
06/06/2007
English as the Common LanguageS Amdt 1384
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(58 - 39)
05/23/2007
Guest Worker Number Reduction AmendmentS Amdt 1169
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(74 - 24)
10/31/2006
Secure Fence Act of 2006HR 6061
Y
Bill Passed - House(283 - 138)
07/13/2006
Double-Layered Fencing AmendmentHR 5441
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(29 - 71)
06/20/2006
Triple-Layered Fencing AmendmentHR 5631
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(94 - 3)
05/25/2006
Confidentiality Requirement AmendmentS 2611
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 49)
05/25/2006
Immigration Reform BillS 2611
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(62 - 36)
05/24/2006
H-2C Visa Program AmmendmentS 2611
N
Amendment Failed - Senate(48 - 49)
05/23/2006
Orange Card Program AmendmentS 2611
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 61)
05/23/2006
Employer Verification AmendmentS 2611
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(58 - 40)
05/18/2006
"State Criminal Alien Assistance Program" AmendmentS 2611
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(43 - 52)
05/18/2006
English As National Language AmendmentS 2611
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(62 - 35)
05/18/2006
English as Unifying Language AmendmentS 2611
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(58 - 39)
05/17/2006
Employment-based Immigrant Visa AmendmentS 2611
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(50 - 48)
10/03/2000
American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act, 2000S 2045
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(96 - 1)
07/23/1998
Temporary Farm Workers AmendmentS 2260
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(68 - 31)
05/18/1998
U.S. Citizen Recruitment AmendmentS 1723
Y
Tabling Motion Passed - Senate(59 - 39)
05/18/1998
Non-Immigrant Specialty Workers billS 1723
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(78 - 20)
05/02/1996
Public Assistance to Legal Immigrants AmendmentS 1664
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(40 - 60)
05/02/1996
Immigration Reform billHR 2202
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(97 - 3)
05/01/1996
Asylum Seeker AmendmentS 1664
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(51 - 49)
05/01/1996
Citizen Verification Pilot Program AmendmentS 1664
N
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(54 - 46)
04/30/1996
Legal Immigrants Assistance Eligibility AmendmentS 1664
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 53)
04/25/1996
Foreign Student Public Education AmendmentS 1664
Y
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(53 - 46)
04/25/1996
Foreign Student Program AmendmentS 1664
Y
Tabling Motion Adopted - Senate(53 - 47)

Labor:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
11/07/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(56 - 37)
10/23/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
06/26/2007
Union Organization BillHR 800
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(51 - 48)
06/06/2007
Denying Legal Status for Immigrants Convicted of Certain CrimesS Amdt 1184
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 51)
06/06/2007
Point Based Immigration Expiration DateS Amdt 1202
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(42 - 55)
06/06/2007
Five Year Expiration for Guest Worker ProgramS Amdt 1316
N
Amendment Adopted - Senate(49 - 48)
05/24/2007
Emergency Departmental Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007HR 2206
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
05/23/2007
Guest Worker Number Reduction AmendmentS Amdt 1169
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(74 - 24)
06/21/2006
Minimum Wage Adjustment AmendmentS 2766
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(52 - 46)
06/21/2006
Increasing Minimum Wage AmendmentS 2766
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(45 - 53)
03/06/2001
Ergonomics Regulations resolutionS J Res 6
Y
Resolution Adopted - Senate(56 - 44)
11/09/1999
Two Year Minimum Wage Increase AmendmentS 625
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(50 - 48)
11/09/1999
Three Year Minimum Wage Increase AmendmentS 625
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(54 - 44)
07/10/1996
Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995S 295
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(61 - 38)
07/10/1996
Team ActHR 743
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(53 - 46)
07/09/1996
Minimum Wage Increase AmendmentHR 3448
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 52)

Military Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
09/17/2008
Defense Authorizations BillS 3001
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(88 - 8)
07/10/2008
Nomination of General Petraeus as Military Leader of the Middle EastPN 1641
NV
Nomination Confirmed - Senate(95 - 2)
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
05/22/2008
Funding for Operations in Iraq and AfghanistanS Amdt 4818
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(70 - 26)
05/22/2008
Funding for Operations in Iraq and Afghanistan with Provisions Regarding Conduct and Congressional OversightS Amdt 4817
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(34 - 63)
03/14/2008
Concurrent Budget ResolutionS Con Res 70
NV
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 44)
12/18/2007
Iraq Withdrawal AmendmentS Amdt 3875
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(24 - 71)
11/16/2007
Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of Defense and Timeline for Withdrawal from IraqHR 4156
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(53 - 45)
11/16/2007
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of DefenseS 2340
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(45 - 53)
10/24/2007
Permanent Residence for Certain Undocumented ImmigrantsS 2205
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 44)
10/01/2007
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 1585
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 3)
09/21/2007
Iraq Troop Reduction AmendmentS Amdt 2898
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 47)
09/19/2007
Time Between Troop DeploymentsS Amdt 2909
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(56 - 44)
07/18/2007
Iraq Troop ReductionS Amdt 2087
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 47)
05/24/2007
Emergency Departmental Supplemental Appropriations Bill of 2007HR 2206
Y
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(80 - 14)
03/27/2007
Iraq Withdrawal AmendmentHR 1591
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(48 - 50)
03/15/2007
United States Policy in Iraq Resolution of 2007S J Res 9
NV
Resolution Failed - Senate(48 - 50)
09/28/2006
Habeas Review AmendmentS 3930
N
Amemendment Adopted - Senate(48 - 51)
09/28/2006
Military Commissions AmendmentS 3930
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(47 - 52)
09/28/2006
Oversight of CIA Interrogation and Detention AmendmentS 3930
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 53)
09/28/2006
Military Commissions Act of 2006S 3930
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(65 - 34)
09/06/2006
Cluster Munitions AmendmentHR 5631
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(30 - 70)
06/22/2006
Troop Redeployment AmendmentS 2766
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(13 - 86)
02/02/2006
Military Funding and Tax Cuts AmendmentHR 4297
N
Motion Failed - Senate(44 - 53)
05/21/2004
Condemning Iraq Abuse of Prisoners resolutionSRes 356
NV
Resolution Adopted - Senate(92 - 0)
10/11/2002
Use of Military Force Against IraqH J Res 114
Y
Joint Resolution Adopted - Senate(77 - 23)

National Security Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
10/01/2008
United States - India Nuclear AgreementHR 7081
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(86 - 13)
07/09/2008
Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 Amendments Act of 2008HR 6304
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(69 - 28)
07/09/2008
Striking Telecom Immunity from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance BillS Amdt 5064
NV
Amendment Rejected - Senate(32 - 66)
02/13/2008
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 2082
N
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(51 - 45)
02/12/2008
FISA Amendments Act of 2007S 2248
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 29)
02/12/2008
Striking Telecommunications Companies' Civil Immunity for SurveillanceS Amdt 3907
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(31 - 67)
02/12/2008
FISA as Exclusive Means for Conducting Electronic SurveillanceS Amdt 3910
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(57 - 41)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
11/16/2007
Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of Defense and Timeline for Withdrawal from IraqHR 4156
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(53 - 45)
11/16/2007
Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for the Department of DefenseS 2340
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(45 - 53)
10/16/2007
Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2008HR 3093
N
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
10/03/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 3117
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(95 - 1)
09/26/2007
Expressing the Sense of Congress Regarding Federalism in IraqS Amdt 2997
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 23)
09/26/2007
Expressing the Sense of Congress Regarding Iran and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard CorpsS Amdt 3017
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(76 - 22)
09/19/2007
Habeas Corpus for Detainees of the United StatesS Amdt 2022
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 43)
09/11/2007
Limiting Mexican Trucks to Commercial Zones Near the Border Between the U.S. and MexicoS Amdt 2797
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 23)
08/03/2007
Foreign Intelligence AcquisitionS 1927
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(60 - 28)
07/26/2007
Implementing the 9/11 Commission Recommendations ActHR 1
NV
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(85 - 8)
07/26/2007
Department of Homeland Security AppropriationsHR 2638
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(89 - 4)
07/26/2007
Border Fence and Customs AppropriationsS Amdt 2480
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(89 - 1)
07/26/2007
REAL ID FundingS Amdt 2405
NV
Amendment Tabled - Senate(50 - 44)
07/19/2007
Sense of the Senate on Guantanamo Bay DetaineesS Amdt 2351
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(94 - 3)
06/06/2007
Law Enforcement Review of Z Visa ApplicationsS Amdt 1250
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(57 - 39)
03/13/2007
Implementing 9/11 Commission Recommendations ActS 4
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(60 - 38)
09/13/2006
Security of Cargo Containers AmendmentHR 4954
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(43 - 55)
09/12/2006
National Security AmendmentHR 4954
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 57)
07/12/2006
Rail and Transit Security AmendmentHR 5441
N
Motion Failed - Senate(50 - 50)
07/11/2006
USEMA AmendmentHR 5441
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(87 - 11)
07/11/2006
FEMA AmendmentHR 5441
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(32 - 66)
03/02/2006
USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention ReauthorizationHR 3199
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(89 - 10)
12/16/2005
USA PATRIOT and Terrorism Prevention ReauthorizationHR 3199
Y
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(52 - 47)
07/14/2005
Disclosure of Classified Information AmendmentHR 2360
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(44 - 53)
10/06/2004
National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004S 2845
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(96 - 2)
10/25/2001
USA Patriot Act of 2001HR 3162
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(98 - 1)
09/14/2001
Military Force Authorization resolutionS J Res 23
Y
Joint Resolution Passed - Senate(98 - 0)
04/17/1996
Comprehensive Terrorism Prevention ActS 735
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(91 - 8)
06/07/1995
Comprehensive Terrorism Prevention ActS 735
Y
Bill passed - Senate(91 - 8)
06/06/1995
Anti-terrorism Wiretaps AmendmentS 735
Y
Amendment Adopted - Senate(77 - 19)

Reproductive Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
03/14/2008
Codifying the Definition of a Child Eligible for SCHIPS Amdt 4233
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(46 - 52)
02/26/2008
Prohibiting the Funds in S 1200 from Being Used for AbortionsS Amdt 3896
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(52 - 42)
10/18/2007
Prohibiting Funds for Groups that Perform AbortionsS Amdt 3330
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 52)
09/06/2007
Prohibiting U.S. Assistance for Groups that Support Coercive AbortionS Amdt 2707
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(48 - 45)

Senior & Social Security Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
07/15/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Veto Override Passed - Senate(70 - 26)
07/09/2008
Medicare BillHR 6331
NV
Cloture Invoked - Senate(69 - 30)
05/22/2008
GI Bill and Other Domestic ProvisionsS Amdt 4803
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 22)
03/14/2008
Concurrent Budget ResolutionS Con Res 70
NV
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 44)
03/14/2008
Expressing the Sense of the Senate on the Legalization of Importing Certain Prescription DrugsS Amdt 4299
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(73 - 23)
02/02/2006
Medicare Part D AmendmentHR 4297
N
Motion Rejected - Senate(52 - 45)
11/17/2005
Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Failed - Senate(51 - 47)
11/03/2005
Medicare Premiums AmendmentS 1932
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 50)
11/03/2005
Prescription Drug Plan AmendmentS 1932
N
Motion Failed - Senate(43 - 56)
03/17/2005
Prescription Drugs AmendmentS Con Res 18
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(49 - 50)
03/22/2000
Social Security Earnings CapHR 5
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(100 - 0)
12/06/1995
Housing for Older Persons Act of 1995HR 660
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(94 - 3)

Social Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
06/07/2006
Same Sex Marriage ResolutionSJ Res. 1
N
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(49 - 48)
06/11/2002
Hate Crimes BillS 625
N
Motion Rejected - Senate(54 - 43)
09/14/1999
Puerto Rican Nationals resolutionS J Res 33
NV
Joint Resolution Adopted - Senate(95 - 2)

Veterans Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
05/22/2008
GI Bill and Other Domestic ProvisionsS Amdt 4803
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 22)
01/22/2008
Defense Authorizations BillHR 4986
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(91 - 3)
10/01/2007
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008HR 1585
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(92 - 3)
02/02/2006
Tax Rate Extension AmendmentHR 4297
N
Motion Rejected - Senate(44 - 53)
11/17/2005
Additional Funding For Veterans AmendmentS 2020
N
Motion Rejected - Senate(43 - 55)
10/05/2005
Health Care for Veterans AmendmentHR 2863
N
Motion Failed - Senate(48 - 51)

Welfare & Poverty:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
07/26/2008
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance FundingS 3186
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(50 - 35)
07/26/2008
Housing Bill with Energy Tax Credit ExtensionsHR 3221
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(72 - 13)
06/26/2008
Iraq and Afghanistan War Funding, Unemployment Benefits Extension, and GI Bill HR 2642
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(92 - 6)
06/25/2008
Housing Foreclosure Assistance ProgramsS Amdt 4983
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(79 - 16)
05/22/2008
GI Bill and Other Domestic ProvisionsS Amdt 4803
NV
Amendment Adopted - Senate(75 - 22)
03/14/2008
Concurrent Budget ResolutionS Con Res 70
NV
Resolution Passed - Senate(51 - 44)
11/07/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(56 - 37)
11/01/2007
Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2007 (CHIP)HR 3963
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(64 - 30)
10/23/2007
Appropriations for the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related AgenciesHR 3043
NV
Bill Passed - Senate(75 - 19)
09/27/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(67 - 29)
08/02/2007
State Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) Reauthorization HR 976
N
Bill Passed - Senate(68 - 31)
08/01/1996
Welfare Reform Act of 1996HR 3734
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(78 - 21)
07/23/1996
Welfare Reform Act of 1996HR 3734
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(74 - 24)
12/22/1995
Welfare Reform BillHR 4
Y
Conference Report Adopted - Senate(52 - 47)
09/19/1995
Welfare Reform BillHR 4
Y
Bill Passed - Senate(87 - 12)
09/14/1995
Naturalized Citizen AmendmentHR 4
N
Amendment Rejected - Senate(37 - 61)

Women’s Issues:

Date
Bill Title
Vote
Outcome
04/23/2008
Equal Pay BillHR 2831
NV
Cloture Not Invoked - Senate(56 - 42)
12/18/2007
Inclusion of Consolidated AppropriationsHR 2764
NV
Concurrence Vote Passed - Senate(76 - 17)
10/18/2007
Prohibiting Funds for Groups that Perform AbortionsS Amdt 3330
Y
Amendment Rejected - Senate(41 - 52)